Before the introduction of coins, buying or selling of products was done through the barter system .Coins solved the issues associated with the barter system and precious metals were shaped, printed and stamped as a legal method for trading .

The earliest known coins of India were silver punch-marked ones.

1. The Indus Valley Civilization – 

The civilization may have employed fixed weight metals like silver for trading activity, as evidenced by the DK region of Mohenjo Daro from the late Harappan period (dated 1900–1800 BC or 1750 BC).Based on their extraordinary resemblance and identity between D-class weights, there is a link between Mohenjodaro class IV silver pieces and class D pieces with the Punch marked coins.The striking parallels between Punch-marked currency symbols and those found on Indus seals have also been emphasized.

• Vedic Period Coinage –

All of these units, in some way or another, related to gold cash, but they were eventually used to refer to silver currency.

•  The Janapadas & Mahajanapadas(kingdoms of ancient Indian subcontinent)  –

The first known Indian coins were silver punch-marked pieces with designs.This ancient Indian coin was minted between 500 and 400 BC by an unnamed prince of Avanti Janapada.It was struck with 3.2 to 3.4 grams of silver and carries the denomination Karshapana.The coins were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. 

•  Mauryan Empire – 

Silver coin was known as Rūpyarūpa

• Satavahana Empire –

Satavahana coins are made of copper, silver, lead, and point and exist in several forms such as round, square, and rectangular.Following Gautamiputra Satakarni, silver coins, the bulk of which bear portraits of Kings, are often discovered.

• Chola Empire – 

South Indian numismatists are most familiar with Rajaraja’s coinage. It can be found in tens of thousands. It appears that his coins were the principal currency circulating in Tamil Nadu for numerous centuries. These are both found in gold, silver, and copper.

1.  The Indo-Greeks – 

The Indo-Greeks who acquired control of the subcontinent’s northwest during the second century BCE, were the first to issue coins bearing rulers’ names and images.These coins were made of silver and had images carved into the surface. The coins were usually round (with a few outliers that were rectangular or circular), featured the name of the issuing king as well as depicted legends.

• Kushana Empire – 

The North Indian and Central Asian Kushan Empire’s principal coins (about 30–375 CE) were gold coins weighing 7.9 grams and base metal issues weighing 12 grams to 1.5 grams .Although gold was debased with silver in the following centuries, there was little silver currency coined.The coin designs mostly utilize Hellenistic types of image, with a deity on one side and the king on the other, and typically adhere to the styles of preceding Greco-Bactrian emperors in adopting Hellenistic forms of image.

• Vardhana Empire of Kannauj/Taneshwar – 

Silver coin was used for financial transactions.                                                              

• Gupta Empire – 

silver coin was known as Denaree

• The Vijayanagar Empire – 

The main coins were made of gold , copper and very few  were made of pure silver. “Silver taras”  were fractional currency units. These coins inspired the ‘Single Swami’ Pagodas of the Dutch and French and the ‘Three Swami’ Pagodas of the English East India Company.

• Awadh Kingdom – 

Gold ashrafi, silver rupee and copper fulus were a part of the monetary system .It is believed that revolutionaries had minted coins in the name of the Nawab-Wazarat .

• Maratha Empire – 

Maratha Mints and coinage were consolidated around the middle of the 18th century . Gold , copper and very few  silver were used . The coins had the name of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj minted on them .Three types of Rupees were in circulation:

• Hali Sicca
• Ankushi rupee
• Chandori rupee

1.  Rajput Kingdoms –  The coins of several Rajput lords ruling in Hindustan and Central India were mainly made of gold, copper or billion and very few made of silver. On these coins was the well-known Goddess of riches, Goddess Lakshmi.
2. Assam Kingdom –  King Chakradhwaja Simha 1663-1670 AD and King Rajeshwar Simha 1751-1769 AD ,  of Assam Kingdom used Octagonal Silver Rupee (weight 11.3 gram) .

• Tripura Kingdom –  King Ratan Manikya II 1695-1712 AD of Tripura Kingdom  introduced Silver quarter Rupee (weight 3.8 gram).
• Delhi Sultanate –  The gold and silver coins of about 11 grams were introduced and reintroduced.Silver coins were used during Delhi Sultanate.Coins were struck in gold, silver , billon and copper.Tanka was silver and Jital was a copper coin.Chinese inspired paper currency was also introduced but was a failure .
• Sur Empire – Silver coin was known as Rupiya.It was weighing 178 grams.It was equal to 4 copper coins.
• Mughal period –  Babur introduced it later modified by  Akbar and Shahjahan.Shahrukhi silver coin was introduced by Babur and Jalali, the silver coin was the modified silver coin introduced by Akbar. The legacy of tri-metallism of coinage was started within this period. The silver “rupaiya”, the gold ” mohur” and the copper “tak” were the coins in use during this period.
• British (British India), the French and the Dutch used “Silver” coins and Rupee was made the standard coin –  The pagoda was a unit of currency, a coin made of gold or half-gold minted by Indian dynasties as well as the British, the French and the Dutch. It was subdivided into 42 fanams. The pagoda was issued by various dynasties in medieval southern India, including the Kadambas of Hangal, the Kadambas of Goa, and the Vijayanagara Empire.

The French struck local gold “pagodas” and silver “fanams” under contract by the nawabs. The silver coins of the French were called “fanon” which were equivalent to the local “fanam” and could be exchanged at the rate of 26 fanon to one gold pagoda. The Indian rulers paid their arrears to the French, English and other European East India Companies in Pagodas.   

The ‘swami’ gold pagodas were issued by the British East India Company (E.I.C.) between 1740 and 1807.In 1807 new machinery was introduced and mint produced 2 silver coin in European style with oblique milling. One series based on Hindu standard consisted of One and Two pagoda in gold, Half and Quarter pagoda and Fanams in silver.They issued rupees together with fractions down to ⅛ and 1⁄16 rupee in silver. After 1818, Rupee was made the standard coin and the weight was fixed at 180 grains with smaller pieces in proportion. The pagodas and fanams were demonetized from that year. In 1835, the East India Company unified all the coinage under the Coinage Act and the new coins minted in 1835 had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian.

Further , king George VI replaced the native designs on banknotes and coins but after the revolt of 1857, he made the Rupee as the official currency of colonial India. In the honour of Queen Victoria in 1862, series of bank notes and coins were issued with the Victoria portrait. The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issued throughout the vast expanse of British India.

During the British East India Company i.e. 1600, The Mughal currency remained popular but in 1717 AD, Farrukh Siyar the Mughal Emperor gave permission to the Britishers or the English to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. Then British gold coins were termed as Carolina, the silver coins as Angelina, the copper coins as cupperoon and the tin coins as tinny.

In the 18th Century, the Bank of Hindostan General Bank in Bengal and the Bengal Bank became the first banks in India to issue paper currency i.e. during this time paper money was first issued in British India.

With “the Coinage Act of 1835” and “the Paper Currency Act of 1861” , uniform coinage throughout the country comes. And in 1858, Mughal empire subsequently ended and British crown gained control over one hundred princely states and so, the images on the coins were replaced by portraits of the Monarch of Great Britain Supremacy.

Rupee was/is the common name for the currencies of India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currency system of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the UAE (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, Burma, German East Africa (as Rupie/Rupien), and Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives the unit of currency is known as rupiah and rufiyaa respectively. The Indian rupees (₹) and Pakistani rupees (₨) are subdivided into 100 paise. The Mauritian, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese rupee subdivides into 100 paisa.

Note : Most importantly, the word Rupee word had its journey from Sanskrit word (Indian  language) stolen by muslims and later by christians as mentioned below :

finally we hear “Rupee”

After gaining Independence in 1947 and in 1950s when India become Republic, India’s modern Rupee reverted back to the design of signature Rupee coin. The symbol chosen for the paper currency was the Lion capital at Sarnath which replaced the George VI series of bank notes. So, the first banknote printed by the Independent India was a 1 rupee note.

Do you know the history of 1 rupee note ?

One rupee note was issued on 30 November,1917 under the British Raj. During the first world war British domination was there. At that time one rupee coin was a silver coin. But because of the war, condition became worse and one rupee coin of silver was not able to generate. And due to this first time in front of people one rupee note issued and the image of George V was inbuilt in the note. Printed in England this one rupee note value was very less as compared to others.

Why Indians are not aware of India , Indians , Indian Civilization/Culture ?

I guess the reason for this is more to do with the way we Indians have been brought up. The Macaulian education system further with the leftist marxist historians leaning towards the fake one-sided selective Nehruvian Secularism has always omitted the Historical Indian Genius and Greats showing Indians as a defeated race with nothing to be proud of. In short in poor light.

May be this is the mind set of slavery wherein islamic foreign invader like Mughal Akbar who was a ruthless ruler who slaughtered more than 30000 unarmed peasants inside the Chittaur Fort in 5 days, who had a HAREM of more than 3000 Hindu women, who destroyed several Hindu temples in Daob region between Ganga and Yamuna region or Kalika temple at Chittaur etc to name a few is called GREAT. Irony dies 1000 times when we call him secular. The right word is he was Tactical and interested only in expansion of his empire and Islam.

The same mind set of slavery goes for christians foreign invaders (like britishers,portuguese,etc) who were only interested only in expansion of the empire and christianity .

Therefore , “silver” metal and word “Rupee” has a great history not only in India but across the entire world but due to the Macaulian education system along with the leftist marxist historians leaning towards the fake one-sided selective Nehruvian Secularism Indians are not aware about the true history , true glory and true greatness of India and Indians .

“BUT IRONY IS THAT PEOPLE ARE REJECTING , NEGLECTING , MISUNDERSTANDING AND INSULTING THEIR OWN ROOTS , OWN ANCESTORS/ANCESTRESSES , OWN PREDECCESORS , OWN CULTURE AND ACCEPTING CULTURES/RELIGIONS OF THE FOREIGN INVADERS DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY . 

RELIGIONS/CULTURES OF MORE THAN 150 COUNTRIES WERE / ARE DESTROYED BY THE TWO ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS NAMELY islam and christianity (VIA VIOLENCE AND CHEATING)”.  

The British didn’t rule directly all of India. A big portion of India was ruled by Indian royal families . Most of the the royalfamilies were loyal to the Britishers and actively helped squashing rebellions in the British controlled regions close to their state(those who were not loyal were eliminated). For instance, the British would take Hyderabad’s and Mysore’s help if they need to fight a rebellion in Madras. Only the territories (in pink color) were ruled by the Britishers and they were all adjacent to the princely states.

The first Prime Minister (PM) of Undivided India

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was the first Prime Minister (PM) of Undivided India.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose had formed this government and taken oath as prime minister on October 21, 1943,” he said. The Azad Hind Sarkar  (Azad Hind Government) was not a symbolic government but one which had presented thoughts and policies on several important aspects of human life, he said.

The honorific Netaji (Hindi: “Respected Leader”) was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin.

Note : The Azad Hind Sarkar  (Azad Hind Government) was also known as The Provisional Government of Free India or, more simply, Azad Hind.

The Azad Hind Sarkar  (Azad Hind Government) was recognized as a legitimate state by only a small number of countries limited solely to Axis powers and their allies. Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, Italian Social Republic, Independent State of Croatia and Wang Jingwei Government, Thailand, the State of Burma, Manchukuo and the Second Philippine Republic. On the declaration of its formation in occupied Singapore the Taoiseach of Ireland, Éamon de Valera, sent a note of congratulations to Bose. Vichy France, however, although being an Axis collaborator, never gave formal political recognition to Azad Hind. This government participated as an observer in the Greater East Asia Conference in November 1943.

The first prime minister of divided (Partitioned) India 1947  

Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first PM of Divided / Partitioned India > FOLLOWED BY THE “Nehru Khan Ghandy (FAKE GANDHI)” FAMILY & ASSOCIATES TILL CERTAIN TIME .

S.N.	PM of Divided/Partitioned India	Born-Dead	Term of office	Remark
1.	Jawahar Lal Nehru	(1889–1964)	15 August 1947 to 27 May 196416 years, 286 days	He became the first prime minister of India because of the partiality done by so called Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi/Mahatma Gandhi (PLEASE READ THE DETAILS AS MENTIONED BELOW “IMPORTANCE OF SARDAR VALLABHBHAI JHAVERBHAI PATEL” . The longest-serving PM of India, the first to die in office. He cheated SARDAR VALLABHBHAI JHAVERBHAI PATEL .
2.	Gulzari Lal Nanda (Acting PM)	(1898-1998)	27 May 1964 to 9 June 1964,13 days	First acting PM of India
3.	Lal Bahadur Shastri	(1904–1966)	9 June 1964 to 11 January 19661 year, 216 days	He has given the slogan of ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’ during the Indo-Pak war of 1965
4.	Gulzari Lal Nanda  (Acting PM)	(1898-1998)	11 January 1966 to 24 January 196613 days	—
5.	Indira Gandhi	(1917–1984)	24 January 1966 to 24 March 197711 years, 59 days	First female Prime Minister of India
6.	Morarji Desai	(1896–1995)	24 March 1977 to  28 July 1979 2 year, 126 days	Oldest to become PM (81 years old) and first to resign from office
7.	Charan Singh	(1902–1987)	28 July 1979 to 14 January 1980170 days	Only PM who did not face the Parliament
8.	Indira Gandhi	(1917–1984)	14 January 1980 to 31 October 19844 years, 291 days	The first lady who served as PM for the second term
9.	Rajiv Gandhi	(1944–1991)	31 October 1984 to 2 December 19895 years, 32 days	Youngest to become PM (40 years old)
10.	V. P. Singh	(1931–2008)	2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990343 days	First PM to step down after a vote of no confidence
11.	Chandra Shekhar	(1927–2007)	10 November 1990 to 21 June 1991223 days	He belongs to  Samajwadi Janata Party
12.	P. V. Narasimha Rao	(1921–2004)	21 June 1991 to 16 May 19964 years, 330 days	First PM from Southern part of India
13.	Atal Bihari Vajpayee	(1924- 2018)	16 May 1996 to 1 June 199616 days	PM for shortest tenure
14.	H. D. Deve Gowda / Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda	(born 1933)	1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997324 days	He belongs to  Janata Dal
15.	Inder Kumar Gujral	(1919–2012)	21 April 1997 to 19 March 1998 332 days	——
16.	Atal Bihari Vajpayee	(1924-2018)	19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004 6 years, 64 days	The first non-congress PM who completed a full term as PM
17.	Manmohan Singh	(born 1932)	22 May 2004 to 26 May 2014   10 years, 4 days	First Sikh PM (under the banner of fake Gandhi family)
18.	Narendra Modi	(born 1950)	26 May 2014 – 2019	4th Prime Minister of India who served two consecutive tenures
19.	Narendra Modi	(born 1950)	30 May 2019- Incumbent	First non-congress PM with two consecutive tenures

 Important Facts

• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was the first Prime Minister (PM) of Undivided India
• Jawahar Lal Nehru was the first PM of Divided / Partitioned India 1947
• Charan Singh was a peasant leader who is known for his pro-poor policies. He was the first Prime Minister to be elected from a rural constituency.
• Morarji Desai was the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. He was a staunch Hindu nationalist who is known for his economic reforms.
• Indira Gandhi (Nehru Khan Ghandy family member & FAKE GANDHI-NO BLOOD RELATION WITH MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI / MAHATMA GANDHI) has the most no-confidence vote against her(15) . Also she intentionally harmed “INDIAN CONSTITUTION” TO PLEASE FOREIGN INVADERS “MUSLIMS & CHRISTIANS”
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee Served For The Shortest Tenure As The Prime Minister Of India.

IMPORTANCE OF SARDAR VALLABHBHAI JHAVERBHAI PATEL

As India’s freedom struggle was approaching its culmination, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi made his intentions clear that Indian National Congress (INC) should be dissolved. He felt the objective of the INC was to liberate India from British rule; once that goal was accomplished, the organization had no existential purpose. Gandhi proposed that all leaders who desired public service via electoral politics should form their own political party and contest elections. This actually would have been democracy in the real sense.

It is interesting to consider the possible outcomes of such an idea.

Perhaps Nehru would have been rejected by the people, which probably would have been the end of his political journey of the dynasty. Perhaps Sardar Patel would have been India’s first Prime Minister. Perhaps a newer relatively unknown face would have emerged as the nation’s leader following a fractured mandate.

However, Nehru and others within the party understood that the INC had brand recognition such that they could ride the wave of goodwill earned by the party during the freedom struggle. Challengers could be implicitly or explicitly branded as a traitor for challenging the founding fathers of free India. Hence, Gandhi’s advice was conveniently ignored and the INC prevailed .

However, Gandhi’s advice was assiduously followed in another matter. In 1946, an internal election was held to decide the President for the INC would eventually become the first Prime Minister of independent India. Among the candidates were Jawaharlal Nehru, Acharya Kripalani, and Sardar Patel.

The INC working committee and the various state committees had to send in nominations for their preferred candidates. From the very beginning, Gandhi openly favored Nehru. Gandhi had explained his rationale behind backing Nehru “Jawaharlal cannot be replaced today whilst the charge is being taken from the British. He, a Harrow boy, a Cambridge graduate, and a barrister, is wanted to carry on the negotiations with the Englishmen.”

Gandhi also felt that Nehru was better known abroad and could help India play a role in international affairs. Even Maulana Azad endorsed Nehru three days before the last date of nomination. He wrote in his autobiography, published posthumously in 1959: “After weighing the pros and cons I came to the conclusion that the election of Sardar Patel would not be desirable in the existing circumstances. Taking all facts into consideration it seemed to me that Jawaharlal should be the new President….”

The results showed that the members of INC had a drastically different opinion. Sardar Patel who was known to be a great executive, organizer, and leader, won 12 out of 15 state committees, the other state committees abstained from the process. Nehru did not receive any nominations. This was a unanimous choice for Patel while Nehru was resounding rejected. Sardar Patel was on his way to becoming India’s first Prime Minister.

When Gandhi conveyed the results to Nehru, instead of humbly accepting the popular mandate, Nehru’s reaction was that of total silence. Gandhi realized that while that Sardar Patel would agree to work as Nehru’s deputy, the reverse would most certainly not happen.

Thus Gandhi intervened and asked Sardar Patel to withdraw his nomination.

Gandhi unwittingly introduced the anti-democratic culture of the ‘party high commands’ overruling state units for inter-party matters. In deference to Gandhi, Kripalani nominated Nehru and withdrew from the contest. Sardar Patel who regarded Gandhi as his mentor then willingly stepped aside in favor of Nehru. Such a supreme sacrifice is unthinkable in contemporary times.

There were two major reasons why Sardar Patel accepted Gandhi’s request. Firstly, unlike Nehru, he never had coveted positions or posts, for him satisfaction was solely derived in his service to the nation. Secondly, Patel also knew that Nehru was not one to take rejection well. He had an inkling that Nehru would probably reject playing deputy to Sardar Patel and in fact become a fierce opponent of Patel and will also create problems for Sardar Patel while governing the nation.

He knew Nehru had his myriad supporters who would also join his faction of opposing Sardar Patel. Sardar Patel understood that this division between him and Nehru would further divide a nation that was already plagued with various problems and was about to undergo an almost cataclysmic partition.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad later remarked: ‘Gandhi has once again sacrificed his trusted lieutenant for the sake of the glamorous Nehru.‘ Prasad’s usage of “once again” was owing to the Patel was denied the presidency of the INC in 1929, 1937, and 1946 in preference to Nehru and this change always occurred the last moment.

Nehru was hence ‘elected’ unopposed and his path was cleared as India first Prime Minister. Maulana Azad later changed his opinion about his previous endorsement of Nehru “It was a mistake on my part that I did not support Sardar Patel. We differed on many issues but I am convinced that if he had succeeded me as Congress President he would have seen that the Cabinet Mission Plan was successfully implemented. He would have never committed the mistake of Jawaharlal which gave Mr. Jinnah an opportunity of sabotaging the Plan. I can never forgive myself when I think that if I had not committed these mistakes, perhaps the history of the last ten years would have been different.”

Michael Brecher wrote in his commendatory biography of Nehru wrote: “In accordance with the time-honoured practice of rotating the Presidency, Patel was in line for the post. Fifteen years had elapsed since he presided over the Karachi session whereas Nehru had presided at Lucknow and Ferozpur in 1936 and 1937. Moreover, Patel was the overwhelming choice of the Provincial Congress Committees…. Nehru’s ‘election’ was due to Gandhi’s intervention. Patel was persuaded to step down….“If Gandhi had not intervened, Patel would have been the first de facto Premier of India, in 1946-47. The Sardar was ‘robbed of the prize’ and it rankled deeply.”

C. Rajagopalachari, who wrote in Bhawan’s Journal in 1972, “Undoubtedly it would have been better if Nehru had been asked to be the Foreign Minister and Patel made the Prime Minister. I too fell into the error of believing that Jawaharlal was the more enlightened person of the two. A myth had grown about Patel that he would be harsh towards Muslims. This was a wrong notion but it was the prevailing prejudice.”

Sardar Patel passed away in 1950 and in 1952, INC secured a massive majority in free India’s very first election. Nehru remained India’s prime minister and continued to be prime minister till his last breath. It is sad, unfortunate, and scandalous that the very first election that would decide the leader of free India was manipulated. It wasn’t only the election but the future of India that was rigged.

British East India Company had a sizable Army in India. By 1806, they had about 154,000 armed force and far more than most armies of other foreign invaders at that time in India.

By 1857 mutiny, this army more than 1806 :

By 1880, the british understood that to rule Indian subcontinent the increase of the armed forces is must . Even after the rebellions of 1806 and 1857 , the britishers increased the armed forced to 550,000.Besides their army in India, Company & later Britain had Navies in the Indian ocean from Malaysia, Australia to South Africa. The creation of railway system further strengthened the administration by easing troop movement within India.

Excel/Spreadsheet/Calc :

Excel is an application software that is used for storing and calculating data , preparing reports and preparing dashboards. Excel is useful for many roles (job profiles) like Business Analytics  , Research Analytics , Data Analytics  , HR Analytics  , Finance Analytics  ,MIS Executive , etc.

Moreover , excel is used for creating business insights.

How to start Excel :-

Step 1 :

Windows key (or Winkey)     + R

Note : The Windows key (Winkey) is a key on a Windows-compatible computer keyboard that has the Microsoft Windows logo. Te Windows key provides shortcuts. For example, pressing the key by itself will open the Windows Start menu.

Step 2:

“Run” option will open

Step 3:

Type “Excel”  in the open option

Step 4 :

Click “enter” key

Or click “OK”

Step 5 :

Click “enter” key  again

Rough idea of Excel or Spreadsheet or Calc :-

In 2023 , there are multiple “Office Suites” each providing  spreadsheets and few are mentioned below :

 1) Zoho Workplace

2) Microsoft Office

3) Google Workspace (formerly G suite)

4) Apple Office Suite / iWork

5) Apache OpenOffice

6) WPS Office (Kingsoft WPS Office)

7) FreeOffice

8) LibreOffice

9) Calligra (Calligra office suite)

10) OfficeSuite

11) Polaris Office

12) OnlyOffice

13) WordPerfect

14) NeoOffice

15) SSuite Office

16) ThinkFree Office

17) SoftMaker Office

18) Office Online (Microsoft)

19) CryptPad

Note : The factors which varies among “Office Suites” are mentioned :l(1) Tab(s)   ,  (2) Group(s)  ,  (3)  Option(s)  &  (4)  Usage of formulas and short keys

A – Title bar

B – Tab

C – Option(s’)

D – Group

E – Name box

F – Function

G – Formula bar

H – Maximise/Minimise

I – Maximise/Minimise

J – Close

Note : For all the “Office Suites” whether word , spreadsheet , powerpoint ,etc the below mentioned 04 options

are most important

 A – Title bar

B – Tab

C – Option(s’)

D – Group

K – “Sheet tab” means  Sheet (s’) in which individual(s) / industries or companies work  to collect , maintain and analyse data

L – Option to add more sheet(s’)  

“Range” – A collection of cells is known as range.Example- D10:E13 which means complete region from Dth column & 10th row (D10 cell)  to Eth column & 13th row (E13 cell).

In short ,  the below mentioned image is an overview :

1)

christmas was illegal in christianity and was accepted as “Pagan festival” due to its “Pagan origin”

Note : “Pagan” was used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism or ethnic religions other than Abrahamic religions.

2)

But still people refer mother teresa as social worker

3)

Still such cases are happening in islamic republic of pakistan

This 02 misdeeds laid the foundation of “Fake + One Sided + Double Standard + Selective + Fraud + Traitor SECULARISM” which resulted in “NOAKHALI RIOTS 1946” , “MOPLAH RIOTS 1921” , “DIRECT ACTION DAY 1946” & “PARTITION OF INDIA 1947 ” , AND MANY MANY MORE….THE LIST WAS / IS / WILL BE ENDLESS…

FOR REFERENCE

Indian Civilization followers accept “Dharam yudh” against “Adharmi” .Adharmi is the one who doesn’t follow the pathway of “Dharma”.

Dharma (Sanskrit: धर्म) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions (Indian Civilization) , such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. It includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, justice, virtues , “right way of living” and signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible . Basically it is a doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings towards the path the path of righteousness and proper religious practice and one’s own moral duties toward God.

Note : “Dharma” doesn’t mean religion nor religion is the exact word for “Dharma” because Dharma is much more than religion which includes individual and the universe as a whole.

अधर्मी (adharmi) – a TREACHEROUS ,
IMPIOUS , UNGODLY , UNFAITHFUL , UNPRINCIPLED , EVIL , IRRELIGIOUS person ; – FOLLOWED BY INDIAN CIVILIZATION FOLLOWERS

Idol worshippers – Idolatry is the worship of an idol or cult image, being a physical image, such as a statue, or a person in place of God. Idolatry refers to false pagan worship ; – FOLLOWED BY BOTH MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS THAT IDOLATRY IS A SIN

Note : mushrik (plural mushriks or mushrikun) (Islam) A person who rejects tawhid; an idolater, a polytheist.

Non – believers – Infidel is a term in Christianity which deals with the concept of infidelity, which makes a clear differentiation between those who were baptized and followed the teachings of the Church versus those who are outside the faith. The term infidel was used by Christians to describe those perceived as the enemies of Christianity or disbelievers of Christianity.

Kafir (Arabic: كافر‎ kāfir; plural كَافِرُونَ kāfirūna, كفّار kuffār or كَفَرَة kafarah; feminine كافرة kāfirah; feminine plural كافرات kāfirāt or كوافر kawāfir) is an Arabic term meaning “infidel”, “rejector”, “denier”, “disbeliever”, “unbeliever”, “nonbeliever”. – person who rejects or disbelieves in God as per Islam (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh) or the tenets of Islam.

– FOLLOWED BY BOTH MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS THAT NON – BELIEVERS ARE SINNERS

THEREFORE MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS ARE ALWAYS AGAINST “KAFIR/MUSHRIK” (ISLAMIC) & INFIDEL/IDOLATRY (CHRISTIANITY) – A KAFIR/MUSHRIK is treated as enemies of muslims and A INFIDEL/IDOL WORSHIPPER is treated as enemies of christians.

War against “ADHARMI” is called “Dharam yudh”.

War against “KAFIR/MUSHRIK” is called “Jihad”

War against “INFIDEL/IDOLATRY” is called “Crusade”

Remember : Weapon can be anything – 1) WORDS ; 2) VIOLENCE ; 3) CHEATING / FRAUD ; 4) EMOTIONS / FEELINGS ; 5) BRAINS (INTELLIGENCE/CLEVERNESS) ,ETC …. FIND YOUR OWN BEST BUT DEADLY WEAPON “BECAUSE IF YOU CAN’T PROTECT YOUR CIVILIZATION/CULTURE FROM OUTSIDERS THAN YOU CAN NEVER PROTECT YOUR FAMILY / FRIENDS / TEACHERS”

Note – events of destruction of native civilizations / cultures , done by 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions yet the 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions play victim card even in United Nations / any international organization.

(a) Goa Inquisition Between 1566 and 1567 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by christians ;

(b) The Bengal Famine of 1770/Great Bengal famine of 1770 – Killing / rapes (a method used) / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by christians ;

(c) Bengal famine of 1943 – Killing / rapes (a method used) / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by christians ;

(d) Moplah massacre/Moplah riots/Mappila riots 1921 [Note-Earliest Muslims came in India at Kerala/Malabar for trade. These Muslims were Arabs and their language was Arabic, settled down in Kerala and called as “Moplas or Mappilas”. The first Mosque built by them was in 630 AD in Kodungallur (Oldest Mosque in India)]] .Mappilas revolt occurred in 1921.Non muslims were killed brutally and Non muslim women also raped brutally along with forced marriages and forced conversions] – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims ;

(e) Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims ;
(f) Partition of India 15 August 1947 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims (supported by the christians) ;
(g) Noakhali riots/Massacre 1946 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims ;
(h) Exodus/Genocide  of Kashmiri Non muslims (majority Kashmiri Hindus , rest were Jains , Sikhs and Buddhists) 1990 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims ;

(i) End of Greco-Roman civilization (Roman religion/Roman empire) 313 AD , 380 AD and 391 AD – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by christians ;

(j) End of Persian civilization (decline of Zoroastrian religion) 633 AD – 656 AD – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims ;
and many others events….

The major culprits are specially from two communities.

These incidents involved cases like rape cases , killing cases , kidnapping cases , snatching away all wealth/movable and immovable properties/assets/businesses of sufferers/victims , heavy taxes forcibly implemented , forced conversion to invasive religions , forced marriages cases , etc which impacted tragically the sufferers who are basically having emotions / feelings like hatred , enmity , anger and revenge inbuilt for generations directly or indirectly in someway or the other.

“BUT IRONY IS THAT PEOPLE ARE INSULTING THEIR OWN ROOTS AND ACCEPTING INVASIVE CULTURES/RELIGIONS DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY . RELIGIONS/CULTURES OF MORE THAN 150 COUNTRIES WERE / ARE DESTROYED BY THE TWO ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS (VIA VIOLENCE AND CHEATING)”

AGAIN REMINDING : Weapon can be anything – 1) WORDS ; 2) VIOLENCE ; 3) CHEATING / FRAUD ; 4) EMOTIONS / FEELINGS ; 5) BRAINS (INTELLIGENCE/CLEVERNESS) ,ETC …. FIND YOUR OWN BEST BUT DEADLY WEAPON “BECAUSE IF YOU CAN’T PROTECT YOUR CIVILIZATION/CULTURE FROM OUTSIDERS THAN YOU CAN NEVER PROTECT YOUR FAMILY / FRIENDS / TEACHERS”.

Laxmi Agarwal (born 1 June 1990) was born in New Delhi in a poor family.
Laxmi Agarwal – She is an Indian acid attack survivor, a campaigner for rights of acid attack victims, and a TV host. She was attacked in 2005 in New Delhi at the age of 15.
Organization – The Laxmi Foundation (known for Stop Acid Sale campaign)

Case – In 2005, tragedy came when Laxmi was 15 years old and an 11th-grade student, she was approached by a man working in her neighborhood, Naeem Khan, who was 32 years old. He proposed to Laxmi but she rejected him. She did not inform anyone about this because her family would’ve blamed her and stopped her studies. Ten months later, Laxmi Agrawal, was returning from Khan market at 10:45 in the morning when she received the same message from Naeem that he loves her and wants to marry her. She did not respond. In no time, she was attacked with acid by Naeem and Kamran (Naeem’s older brother). Kamran called Laxmi’s name from behind while riding his motorcycle. When Laxmi looked behind as a response to her name, Naeem threw acid directly at her face from the backseat. Laxmi fainted and after regaining consciousness, she tried to walk up and ask for help but met multiple road accidents.

A man named Arun Singh called the police, but he saw her skin melting from the acid, he realised it might be too late to wait for assistance. Some people splashed water on her face hoping to reduce the burns, this caused the acid to move down and burn her neck. Arun, then somehow got her in the back seat of his car. This later caused burn holes in the seat covers. He admitted her to Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital. The police reached the hospital directly. Arun then asked Laxmi about her family and where she lived. He reached her house, informed her family, and took them from their house to the hospital. She underwent multiple operations including eye surgery. Four days after the attack, Naeem Khan was arrested, but was bailed out a month later. He married off immediately. However, after widespread protests and media attention, he was sentenced to prison for life.

During 1930s- All revolutionaries (freedom fighters) and revolutionary organizations [except so called “CONGRESS POLITICAL PARTY AND ITS MEMBERS/FOLLOWERS”] of UNITED UNDIVIDED INDIA
warned non muslims (Hindus , Sikhs , Jains , Buddhists , native indigenous cultures) about the partition of India . Partition of India will occur was foresighted by all revolutionaries (freedom fighters) and revolutionary organizations [except so called “CONGRESS POLITICAL PARTY AND ITS MEMBERS/FOLLOWERS”] before 1947.

All revolutionaries (freedom fighters) and revolutionary organizations [except so called “CONGRESS POLITICAL PARTY AND ITS MEMBERS/FOLLOWERS”] were sure that the muslims will partition India and the britishers (christians) will support the muslims for the same.

But non muslims (Hindus , Sikhs , Jains , Buddhists , native indigenous cultures) voted for congress political party and congress cheated Undivided United India / Undivided United Indians by dividing India on 15th August 1947.

“Secular” word added in Indian constitution the 42nd Amendment-

On June 26, 1975, prime minister Indira Gandhi (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru  and wife of Feroze Jehangir Ghandy).

Note : The Gandhi surname came from Feroze Gandhi, a politician of Parsi muslim ancestry, who changed the spelling of his surname, from Ghandy to Gandhi, after joining the independence movement to make it the same as M.K. Gandhi’s . However , M.K. Gandhi had no relation with him and Feroze Jehangir means “successful world-conqueror” [Feroze name means “Successful” and Jehangir name means “World-conqueror”].

Indira Gandhi announced on the All India Radio that “the president has proclaimed Emergency”. All old and new political opponents of Indira Gandhi mostly student activists, political leaders , trade unionists were put behind bars. Elections were suspended and civil liberties curbed. Thousands were arrested under MISA- the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. Anti-poverty programs, slum demolition drives, and the forced sterilisation campaign were some of the most important measures carried out by the government during this period.

The 42nd amendment the description of India in the preamble was changed from “sovereign, democratic republic’ to a ‘sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic” .

Let us go back to the time when the Preamble was finalized to understand the damage that the Congress government brought to it when India was suffering under an Emergency.

17th of October, 1949 – The Preamble was brought read that “We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign Democratic Republic”, Initially it was proposed and later objected which brought in 04 amendments to the Preamble as mentioned below :

1. Replacing Sovereign Democratic Republic as the nation with Sovereign Federal Republic or Sovereign Independent Republic. The amendment was rejected.
2. Proposed was to name India, Union of India Socialist Republic, in line with the Russia being called USSR. This too was rejected.
3. Proposed to introduce ‘In the name of God’ or ‘In the name of Gandhiji’ in the preamble. This too was rejected by 68 votes.

4) discussion on the inclusion of the word- Secular and Socialist- in the Preamble. This inclusion was also sought about in a debate on 15th November, 1948, when Shri KT Shah brought in amendment seeking in Clause (1) of Article 1, mention of the terms “Secular, Federal and Socialist”. Dr. Ambedkar was against the hard-wiring of the Constitution according to the wishes of Constituent Assembly and responded “the Preamble should never have been tampered with”.

But in 1976 , when the state was under democracy, the oppositions were in prison or underground, Indira Gandhi sneaked in the two terms ( Secular and Socialist) into the preamble of the constitution through the 42nd Amendment 1976 [officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976] . 42nd Amendment was presented in Lok Sabha by Indira Gandhi and congress/INC Government on 28th of August, 1976 and was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977).

The adding of two words namely “Secular and Socialist” in Indian constitution was done when there was no opposition to go against the wishes of Indira Gandhi. Therefore , it was processed mostly unconstitutionally. “No opposition” here means student activists, trade unionists , politicians were all put behind bars .Also elections were suspended and civil liberties/freedom were curbed.

Please find the file “Indian constitution 1976” & “Indian constitution 1950”

That task of creating different nation for muslims by partition of United India fell to Choudhary Rahmat Ali,
a young Muslim student studying at Cambridge in England, who best captured the poet-politician’s yearnings
in the single word Pakistan.

In a 1933 pamphlet, Now or Never, Rahmat Ali and three Cambridge colleagues coined the name as an
acronym for Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, and Indus-Sind,
combined with the -stan suffix from Baluchistan (Balochistan).Later “Indus-Sind” was used as
“Sind” only. It was later pointed out that, when translated from Urdu, Pakistan could also mean “Land of the Pure.”

Lets see how the history had gone :

The “Pakistan Declaration” (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet written and published by Choudhry Rahmat Ali on 28 January 1933,
in which the word Pakstan (without the letter “i”) was used for the first time and was circulated to the delegates of the Third Round Table Conference in 1932.

Covering letter :
The pamphlet was created for circulation to the British and Indian delegates to the
Third Round Table Conference in London in 1933.It was addressed with a covering letter
dated 28 January 1933 signed by Ali alone, and addressed from 3 Humberstone Road.

It stated as :

“I am enclosing herewith an appeal on behalf of the thirty million Muslims of PAKSTAN, who live in the five Northern Units of India—Punjab, North-West Frontier (Afghan) Province, Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.
It embodies their demand for the recognition of their national status, as distinct from the other inhabitants of India, by the grant to Pakstan of a separate Federal Constitution on religious, social and historical grounds.”

So, technically Pakistan is an acronym for :
Punjab,
North-West Frontier (Afghan) Province/region,
Kashmir,
Sind,
and Baluchistan.

The pamphlet “Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?” started with this famous sentence:

“At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN—
by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province),
Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan.”

The pamphlet asked that “the five Northern units of India”—Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province),
Kashmir, Sindh (then part of Bombay and Sind) and Baluchistan (or Pakstan) become a state independent of
the proposed Indian Federation.

Ali’s pamphlet had a clear and succinct description of the Muslims of his proposed ‘Pakstan’ as a ‘nation’,
which was derived from the two-nation theory of Muslim reformer Syed Ahmed Khan.

Even today, there is great antagonism towards the mohojir (indian muslim refugees) living in Pakistan due
to their different culture, linguistic and political affiliations. Many Pakistanis’ also believe that they have more in common with the Non-Muslim refugees who fled Pakistan than with the mohajir refugees who came there.
In short , non acceptance of the mohojir(indian muslim refugees) living in Pakistan.

Irony is that , the etymological origins of the suffix ‘Stan’ is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Sthan’ for ‘place or land’. Sanskrit language is the mother of all Indo-europian languages. Even English words like ‘mother (matra), ‘father (pitra), brother(bhratra) , path (path), mouse (mushak), etc.
are derived from this ancient language. ‘Stan’ word occurring in Uzbekistan, Turmenistan, Kazhakistan,
etc. testify the fact that the peoples of these lands owe their ethnic origin from a single stock.

Moreover “Stan” means place from long time ago. Thialand’s old name was Siam and when name was changed to Thai later , people of Siam had two choices – Thaistan or Thailand.
Thaistan is origin from Sanskrit whereas Thailand is roman.

People voted for Thaistan but the Prime Minister choose Thailand. Siam, as Thailand was officially called until 1939, was never brought under European colonial domination. Independent Siam was ruled by an absolute
monarchy until a revolution there in 1932.

Little information of Indian currency since 20th century

Few information about Indian currency :-

The Indian rupee (symbol: ₹; code: INR) is the official currency of India used for all economic and financial transactions.

The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular: paisa) which is also known as 01 Rupee ,the lowest value in use (2022).

The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 01 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War.

The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

In 2010, a new rupee sign (₹) was officially adopted. It was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant “र” (ra) and the Latin capital letter “R” without its vertical bar. The first series of coins with the new rupee sign started in circulation on 8 July 2011. Before this, India used “₨” and “Re” as the symbols for multiple rupees and one rupee, respectively.

On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes  with effect from midnight of the same day, making these notes invalid. A newly redesigned series of ₹500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of ₹2,000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. 

From 2017 to 2019 the remaining banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series were released in denominations of ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100 and ₹200.The ₹1,000 note had been discontinued . The ₹2,000 note had been continued .

Note : The Reserve Bank of India, chiefly known as RBI, is India’s central bank and regulatory body responsible for regulation of the Indian banking system. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It is responsible for the issue and supply of the Indian rupee.It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). The bank is often referred to by the name ‘Mint Street’.

Also ,the Imperial Bank of India (IBI) was one of the oldest and the largest commercial bank of the Indian subcontinent, and was subsequently transformed into the State Bank of India in 1955.

The Imperial Bank of India (IBI) which came into existence on 27 January 1921 through the reorganization and amalgamation of the three Presidency Banks of colonial India into a single banking entity. Initially, as per its royal charter, it acted as the central bank for British India prior to the formation of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 1935.

Moreover, the immediate predecessor of the rupee is the rūpiya—the silver coin weighing 178 grains minted in northern India by first Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545 and adopted and standardized later by the Mughal empire.

The history of the Indian rupee traces back to ancient India in  6th century BC, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with Lydian stater [The Lydian Stater was the official coin of the Lydian Empire, introduced before the kingdom fell to the Persian Empire] ; several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.

Historically, the rupee was a silver coin. Arthashastra, written by Acharya Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chakravarti Samrat Chandragupta Maurya (340–290 BC), mentioned “silver coins as rūpyarūpa” ,  “gold coins (suvarṇarūpa)” , “copper coins (tamrarūpa)” and “lead coins (sīsarūpa). Rūpa means ‘form’ or ‘shape’; for example, in the word rūpyarūpa meant rūpya ‘wrought silver’ and rūpa ‘form’.

Later ,during the five-year rule from 1540 to 1545 of Sher Shah Suri (of the Sur empire) issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains (11.53 grams), which was also termed the rupiya.During Babur’s time, the silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91). This coinage system continued more or less across the Indian subcontinent well till 20th century.

Rupee was/is the common name for the currencies of India, Indonesia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the UAE (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, Burma, German East Africa (as Rupie/Rupien), and Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives the unit of currency is known as rupiah and rufiyaa respectively.

The Indian rupees (₹) and Pakistani rupees (₨) are subdivided into 100 paise. The Mauritian, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese rupee subdivides into 100 paisa.

Most importantly, the Indian word rupyā is derived from the Sanskrit word rūpya (रूप्य), which means “wrought silver, a coin of silver”, in origin an adjective meaning “shapely”, with a more specific meaning of “stamped, impressed”, whence “coin”. It is derived from the noun rūpa (रूप) “shape, likeness, image”.

Therefore , it is rightly said “thieves never retire” and “once a thief , always a thief” . “Thieves will always be thieves” because the term “Rupee” came from Sanskrit term “Rupa” – was also a stolen word from India , stolen by muslims and christians.

The Gupta dynasty called him the golden era.

Emperor Samudra Gupta is called as Napoleon of India mainly due to his record of being undefeated. But this is wrong comparison as Samudra Gupta was really an undefeated emperor while Napoleon was not. And another thing is that Samudra Gupta was during ancient India and also before Napolean in comparison to timeline.

So it should be Napolean who should be called Emperor Samudra Gupta of his era.

Yes, the Gupta era is called as a golden age of Indian history. Samudra Gupta was most powerful Emperor of Gupta Empire. He was also patron of arts , music and architecture. He also had a standard monetary system in his kingdom . He had maintained great peace , law and order in the kingdom.

Emperor Samudra Gupta fought every battle with smart strategy and great courage. It is said that his fit body was covered with the marks of a hundred wounds caused by the weapons.

Samudra Gupta had defeated 12 kingdoms in battle in a row. According to the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Samudra Gupta captured (and later released) the following kings of Dakshinapatha, the southern region of India.

Mahendra of Kosala ;
Vyaghra-raja of Mahakantara ;
Mantaraja of Kurala ;
Mahendragiri of Pishtapura ;
Svamidatta of Kottura ;
Damana of Erandapalla ;
Vishnugopa of Kanchi ;
Nilaraja of Avamukta ;
Hastivarman of Vengi ;
Ugrasena of Palakka ;
Kubera of Devarashtra ;
Dhananjaya of Kusthalapura.

He had performed Ashwamedha yagya and adopted the title of “ Maharajadhiraja” (king of kings).

Some people say “If Mahabharata or Ramayana was part of Indian history , then were there any foreigners mentioned in them ?”

The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are not only religious texts but also documented versions of the nation’s history. Even archaeological evidences proved the existence of he Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

Regarding references of foreigners in them , we would like to mention you the details.

Valmiki Ramayana and Mahabharata talks about :

Yavanas (Ionians/Greeks) ;

Yona, people from Uttarapatha (north of the Himalayas or Central Asia) ;

Saka (Scythians or Central Asians) ;

Pahlavas (Iranians) ;

Chinas (Chinese) ;

Kirata (northeasterners) ;

Pishacha (Pashtuns) ;

Simhalas (people of Sri Lanka) ;

Tushara (Afghans) ;

A class namely Mleccha (a general term for uncivilised foreigners usually linked to barbarians).

Pope stresses “Asian conversions” on visit to India/Asian conversion focus of papal visit/POPE CONCLUDES VISIT TO INDIA WITH CALL FOR CRUSADE IN ASIA/Pope heralds mission to convert Asia

India provided the backdrop for John Paul to reveal his long-awaited response to the April 1998 Synod of Bishops for Asia. The 30,000-word document, Ecclesia in Asia (“Church in Asia”), was released to 100 bishops .It echoed words the pontiff first used in 1995 at a gathering of Asian bishops.

Pope John Paul II visited India in February 1986 during which he visited different parts of India and met with the Indian leadership. Pope John Paul II again visited India on a State Visit from 05-07 November, 1999.

Pope John Paul II travelled to India to conclude an Asian synod of bishops which began in Rome and to present a key document, Ecclesia in Asia, which maps out the church’s strategy in Asia for the new millennium.

In his homily, the Pope quoted the synod document , in prayers to the Virgin Mary, saying  “Just as the first millennium saw the cross firmly planted in the soil of Europe  and the second in that of America and Africa, so may the third Christian millennium witness a great harvest of faith on this vast and vital continent”  told a crowd in a New Delhi sports stadium.

In short he meant that the Catholic Church took root in Europe in the first millennium, in Africa and in the Americas in the second. May the third Christian millennium witness a great harvest of faith  in Asia. (or) The 79-year-old Pope exhorted a synod of Asian bishops to evangelize the region in the coming millennium. He told them to go forth and conquer the continent for Christ just as the church had done in Europe during the first millennium and in the Americas in the second.

Also the Pope said: “To you . . . we entrust the clergy . . . and the laity of the church in Asia; renew and sustain them in a spirit of zeal and in their commitment to the great task of evangelisation and service.”

The Pope told around 200 Asian bishops  that the church should continue vigorously to seek to convert the peoples of Asia. Moreover ,  to redouble  efforts to convert Asians to christians.

The Pope added it is “paradoxical that most Asians tend to regard Jesus — born on Asian soil — as a Western rather than an Asian figure.”

The Indians felt the pope abused their hospitality by launching a crusade that must become a rallying cause for Hindu radicals who have warned for months that the Catholic Church is about to launch a major offensive in India and Asia and may now feel justified in persecuting more Christians.

Hindu leaders had three demands :

1. The pope must not only declare an end to conversions ;
2. Also apologize for the 16th Century inquisition in the former Portuguese enclave of Goa ;
3. Publicly state that Christ is not the only road to salvation.

The Pope never made compromises during his papacy and ignored all three demands.

Also turned down the request of  Hindu organizations to present the pope evidence of alleged “forced conversions” of India’s poor and uneducated.

Religious people are more busy in increasing the number of their followers rather than paying attention to the challenges besetting religion,” Jain Guru Acharya Mahaprajna told reporters.

“Everyone is free to propagate their religion but nobody should press anybody,” Sikh holy man Bhai Manjit Singh said.

“The Pope came to India specifically to further the Christian idea of conversion. We will not allow this to happen,” spokesman Lokesh Pratap Singh said.

“The Church has harmed many Hindu families and is still willing to do so, clearly no western country would give a state welcome to a Hindu religious leader seeking to promote Hindu conversion activities in the West” was clearly mentioned to an interviewer by Dr. David Frawley, the author of more than forty books on various aspects of Hinduism, Yoga, Vedanta, Ayurveda and Vedic astrology, published in more than twenty languages worldwide over the last thirty years and currently the director of the American Institute of Vedic Studies (www.vedanet.com). His books in India are available through Voice of India and Motilal Banarsidass.

Results concerning Indian civilization / Indic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and indigenous native cultures):

Emergence of Sati , Child marriage (Baal vivah) , Ghoonghat ,  Jauhar , avoiding girl child / desiring for male child only , honor killings , etc and many other traditions which came up to protect Indic religious followers’ womenfolk from abrahamic religious followers concerning rapes , kidnappings , sex slaves or force marriages/force remarriages. Moreover foreign invasions destroyed Indian global GDP and Indian population also.

These traditions were never part of Indian civilization before islamic invasions & christian invasions directly or indirectly. Currently new tool love jihad & love cross (love crusade). 

Always note :

In christian country – no or very very less promotion of islam and communism ;

In islamic country – no or very very less promotion of christianity and communism ;

In communist country – no or very very less promotion of christianity and islam ;

BUT IN “INDIA” – islam + communism + christianity + fake seculars/liberals (people who reject, neglect, ignore , insult , defame and deny native indigenous cultures/civilization intentionally both directly and indirectly).

Note –

• 1947-India divided on “RELIGIOUS” basis , creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan” (after may riots/killings , rapes , kidnappings , forced marriages , forced remarriages and forced conversions)  by christian britishers  ;
• 1976-in the 42nd amendment of the Indian constitution, Indira Nehru Khan Gandhi inserted the words “Secular” & “Socialist” in an unconstitutional manner during The Emergency in India (21-month period from 1975 to 1977).

Currently in there are more than 500 pakistans/afghanistans and londons within India (earlier there was only one) where law doesn’t work or works very  lately example , major events from Jammu and Kashmir , Assam, Kerala , West Bengal , Goa ,UP , MP , Delhi , Manipur , Haryana ,Tamil Nadu , Rajasthan ,Punjab , etc.

Also once reached 20% asking for separate state (within a country)  or separate country (means dividing/partition of same country in which they live) e.g. Kashmir asking for separate islamic nation , Nagaland asking  for separate christian nation , Punjab asking for  Khalistan  (being backed by Pakistan ,ISI and islamic terrorists since initial stage) ; all these separatist movements start with ignoring / rejecting / neglecting  own indigenous native aboriginal endemic cultures/civilizations & non-abrahamic religious followers plus non-abrahamic religious teachings.      

Till now christians insulted , banned and defamed “Yoga” , an invention of Indian civilization(Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism). Later christians cheated Indian civilization(Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism) and its followers created “christian yoga” , wearing saffron clothes and displaying jesus as if jesus is Indian saint/God in multiple ways.

Remember – Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism associate saffron [Deep saffron approximates the colour of India saffron (also known as bhagwa or kesari)] and “Yoga” with the pious renunciation of material life.

The Delhi Sultanate and (a Spanish Catholic missionary and Jesuit saint)  Francis Xavier view regarding non muslims after mass killing , mass kidnapping  , forced conversions to islam ,  forced marriages and  mass rape (of non muslim womenfolk or women) .

In short , Abrahamic monotheistic religions (islam , christianity) and their followers (muslims , christians)  are doing the same they did  in Roman Civilization (Roman Empire) and Zoroastrian civilization (Persian Empire) .

THE REALITY NOBODY THINKS  , UNDERSTANDS AND FEELS & ALSO SOCALLED “Fake_One Sided_Double Standard_Selective_Fraud_Traitor_Evil_Cruel_SECULARS” NEVER MENTIONED THE REALITIES IN BOOKS OR IN ANY ARTICLE  :-

Events of destruction of native civilizations / cultures , done by 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions yet the 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions play “victim card” even in United Nations / any international organization.   

• Goa Inquisition Between 1566 and 1567 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages /   taking away all wealth and assets  forcefully and via cheating of Indian  civilization followers (of non-christians)  by christians .

(b) Moplah massacre/Moplah riots/Mappila riots 1921 – Mappilas revolt occurred in 1921.Non muslims were killed brutally and Non muslim women also raped brutally along with forced marriages , forced remarriages and forced conversions  . In short , Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims .

Further , taking away all wealth and assets  forcefully and via cheating of Indian  civilization followers (of non-muslims)  by muslims .

[Note-Earliest Muslims came in India at Kerala/Malabar for trade. These Muslims were Arabs and their language was Arabic, settled down in Kerala and called as “Moplas or Mappilas”. The first Mosque built by them was in 630 AD in Kodungallur (Oldest Mosque in India)]

(c) Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims .

The muslims forcefully took all wealth and assets of non-muslims and dozens of villages were made islamic by destroying the villages’ cultures , killing people and rapes .

(d) Partition of India 15 August 1947 & creation of “islamic republic of pakistan” – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims . Here also the same happened incidents that occurred during “Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946”.

(e) Noakhali riots/Massacre 1946 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims . Here also the same happened incidents that occurred during “Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946”.

(f) Exodus/Genocide  of Kashmiri Non muslims (majority Kashmiri Hindus , rest were Jains , Sikhs and Buddhists) January 19, 1990 – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Indian civilization followers by muslims . Even the non-muslim Kashmiris were forced to leave Kashmir . The non-muslim Kashmiris were given 03 options :

Ralive, Tsaliv ya Galive (convert to Islam, leave the place leaving behind womenfolk or die) – HERE IT WAS MENTIONED TO LEAVE BEHIND Kashmiri Pandit women IF SELECTED “LEAVE THE PLACE BEHIND”.

Few slogans raised are mentioned below  :–  

Zalimo, O Kafiro, Kashmir harmara chod do. 

(O! Merciless, O! Kafirs leave our Kashmir)

Kashmir mein agar rehna hai, Allah-ho-Akbar

kahna hoga. (Any one wanting to live in Kashmir will

have to convert to Islam)

Islam hamara maqsad hai, Quran hamara dastur

hai, jehad hamara Rasta hai. (Islam is our objective,

Quran is our constitution, Jehad is our way of our life)

Kashmir banega Pakistan.(Kashmir will become Pakistan)

Kashir banawon Pakistan, Bataw varaie, Batneiw

saan.(We will turn Kashmir into Pakistan alongwith

Kashmiri Pandit women, but without their men folk)

Pakistan se kya Rishta? La Ilah-e- Illalah.

(Islam defines our relationship with Pakistan)

Yahan kya chalega, Nizam-e- Mustafa.

(We want to be ruled under Shari’ah)

Note : In 1339 Kashmir throne was captured by Sultan Shahmir who founded Shah Mir dynasty in Kashmir. Subsequently, according to some chronicles ten thousand Kashmiris converted to Islam and hence the seeds of Islam in Kashmir were sown.

(g) End of Greco-Roman civilization (Roman religion/Roman empire) 313 AD , 380 AD and 391 AD – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Roman civilization followers by christians .

Both muslims and  christians follow same ways to destroy other cultures . Like muslims , the christians forcefully took all wealth and assets of non-christians and dozens of cities/towns were converted to christianity by destroying the culture of the cities/towns , killing people and rapes .

(h) End of Persian civilization (decline of Zoroastrian religion) 633 AD to 656 AD – Killing / rapes / forced conversion / forced marriages / forced remarriages of Zoroastrian civilization followers by muslims .   

Here also the same happened incidents that occurred during “Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946”. The muslims forcefully took all wealth and assets of non-muslims and dozens of villages/cities/towns were made islamic by destroying the cultures of the villages/cities/towns , killing people and rapes .

(i) End of Norse culture (decline of Norse culture) –   

The events of 1066 in England effectively marked the end of the Viking Age. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking “culture” was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe.The same steps were followed as was followed by the christians to end Roman Civilization .  

(j) Nature worship cultures in Asia , Africa and Europe –       

Since the beginning of human civilization , human beings had being worshiping nature in many forms like fire , water , air , sun , moon , soil , etc . The Nature worshiping cultures has been spread all over  Asia , Africa and Europe .

and many others events…

But the TWO ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS (christianity and islam) not only destroyed over 150 cultures but destroyed the native societies as well and thus result is that we have   

Nearly 158 christian countries

Nearly 57 islamic countries               

The major culprits are specially from two communities BUT THE SAME 02 COMMUNITIES PLAY “VICTIM CARD”.  

These incidents involved cases like rape cases , killing cases , kidnapping cases , snatching away all wealth/movable and immovable properties/assets/businesses of sufferers/victims , heavy taxes forcibly implemented , forced conversion to invasive religions , forced marriages cases , force remarriages cases , etc which impacted tragically the sufferers who are basically having emotions / feelings like hatred , enmity , anger and revenge inbuilt for generations directly or indirectly in someway or the other.

“BUT IRONY IS THAT PEOPLE ARE INSULTING THEIR OWN ROOTS AND ACCEPTING INVASIVE CULTURES/RELIGIONS DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY . RELIGIONS/CULTURES OF MORE THAN 150 COUNTRIES WERE / ARE DESTROYED BY THE TWO ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS (VIA VIOLENCE AND CHEATING)” .

Results that occurred concerning Indian civilization / Indic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and indigenous native cultures) due to foreign invasions by foreign invaders :–

• Emergence of Sati ,
• Emergence of Child marriage (Baal vivah) ,
• Emergence of Ghoonghat , 
• Emergence of Jauhar ,
• Avoiding girl child / desiring for male child only ,
• Honor killings , etc .  

And many other traditions which came up to protect Indic religious followers’ womenfolk from abrahamic religious followers concerning the consequences as mentioned below :-               

• Rapes done by the muslims /christians  ;
• Kidnappings done by the muslims /christians ;
• Sex slaves  done by the muslims /christians ;
• Force marriages/Force remarriages  of non-muslims / non-christians females ;
• Mass destruction of holy places , holy books , etc of non muslims / non christians by the muslims /christians ;
• Converting non muslims / non christians via VIOLENCE/FAKE LOVE/USING MONEY/BRAINWASHING/TELLING LIES / HIDING TRUTH / ALWAYS REJECTING , NEGLECTING , INSULTING , BLAMING NON ISLAMIC OR NON CHRISTAIN RELIGIONS/ CHEATING / RAPE / KIDNPPING / MARRIAGES / REMARRIAGES/PALYING VICTIM CARD
• Moreover foreign invasions destroyed Indian global GDP and Indian population also.

The above mentioned traditions were never part of Indian civilization before islamic invasions & christian invasions directly or indirectly. Currently new tools love jihad by muslims & love cross (love crusade) by christians.  

The muslims and christians intentionally targeted / target females of non-muslim communities & non-christian communities with 02 goals as mentioned below :–  

1. To end the non-muslim communities & non-christian communities
2. To end the civilizations/cultures of non-muslim communities & non-christian communities

Always note :–

• In christian countries  –  no or very very less importance / promotion of islam and communism ;
• In islamic countries  – no or very very less importance / promotion of christianity and communism ;
• In communist countries  – no or very very less importance / promotion of christianity and islam ;

BUT IN “INDIA” – islam + communism + christianity + fake seculars/liberals (people who reject, neglect, ignore , insult , defame and deny native indigenous cultures/civilization intentionally both directly and indirectly).

Whenever there was/is any issue in christian countries / islamic countries , then the islamic followers (muslims)  / christians go to “NON ISLAMIC  / NON CHRISTAIN COUNTRIES FOR REFUGEE” USING  “FAKE TEARS AND PLAYING VICTIM CARD” .

Also remember that in 1947 , India was divided/partitioned on “RELIGIOUS” basis :-

The creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan” was achieved by the muslims with the help provided by christian britishers – after may riots/killings , rapes , kidnappings , forced marriages , forced remarriages , forcefully taking away all wealth/asset and forced conversions .

In 1976- In the 42nd amendment of the Indian constitution, Indira Nehru Khan Gandhi (basically Fake Gandhi)  inserted the words “Secular” & “Socialist” in an unconstitutional manner during The Emergency in India (21-month period from 1975 to 1977) just “TO GET VOTES OF MUSLIMS & CHRISTIANS” .

Currently in there are more than 500 pakistans/afghanistans and londons within India (earlier there was only one) where law doesn’t work or works very  lately and non-muslims / non-christians are living with fear .

Example , major effected areas and events are from Jammu and Kashmir , Assam, Kerala , West Bengal , Goa ,Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Delhi , Manipur , Haryana ,Tamil Nadu , Rajasthan ,Punjab , etc.

Also once reached 20% asking for separate state (within a country)  or separate country (means dividing/partition of same country in which they live) e.g. Kashmir asking for separate islamic nation , Nagaland asking  for separate christian nation , Punjab asking for Khalistan  (asked by Punjabis influenced by muslims / christians and being backed by Pakistan , ISI and islamic terrorists since initial stage) ; all these separatist movements start with ignoring / rejecting / neglecting  own indigenous native aboriginal cultures/civilizations & non-abrahamic religious followers plus non-abrahamic religious teachings.

Note :

1. non-abrahamic religious followers  – “non muslims , non christians”
2. non-abrahamic religious teachings – “religious teachings of Indian Civilization (Hinduism , Jainism,Sikhism , Buddhism, indigenous native aboriginal cultures) , Norse Culture , Roman Civilization , Greek Civilization , Egyptian Civilization , Chinese Civilization , Japanese Civilization , Persian Civilization , European native cultures , African native cultures , etc .”

Indian Civilization  , Persian Civilization , Norse Culture , Roman Civilization , Greek Civilization , Egyptian Civilization , European native cultures &  African native cultures    WERE HARMED VERY BADLY IN HISTORY BY MUSLIMS & CHRISTIANS .

Eg-

• Partition of India 1947 by muslims with support of christians
• End of Persian Civilization , Norse Culture , Roman Civilization , Greek Civilization , Egyptian Civilization , European native cultures &  African native cultures
• Banning Yoga and opposing “Yoga Day” – church councils (or churches) of  Nagaland , Manipur , Kerala  along with islamic organizations of Uttar Pradesh , Kerala , Tamil Nadu , West Bengal  says yoga rooted in Hindu beliefs, so it’s not compatible with christianity / islam .It is same like happened in Malaysia.Malaysia’s top Islamic body (The National Fatwa Council) on 2008 banned Muslims from practicing yoga, saying the Indian physical exercise contains elements of Hinduism and could corrupt Muslims.

Also also mentioned earlier the muslims and christians are not to be trusted .

Till now christians insulted , banned and defamed “Yoga” , an invention of Indian civilization(Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism). Later christians cheated Indian civilization(Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism) and its followers created “christian yoga” , wearing saffron clothes and displaying jesus as if jesus is Indian saint/God in multiple ways. Even “Rupee” terminology was stolen by the muslims and christians from Indian civilization.

Remember – Hinduism, Jainism , Sikhism and Buddhism associate saffron [Deep saffron approximates the colour of India saffron / bhagwa / kesari  and “Yoga” with the pious renunciation of material life.

The fact is that the foreign invaders (muslims and christians) who destroyed over 150 cultures/civilizations all over the world namely Roman civilization , Norse culture , Persian culture  and are trying to destroy Indian civilization & Chinese civilization, etc .        

 The basic reason to discuss the history in short was to understand that the foreign invaders  (namely Abrahamic religions – muslims and christians) not only destroyed & are destroying native civilization/culture but also destroyed native education , native society , native economy , etc.

History proves that the deeds / acts of Abrahamic religions  are not “DEEDS / ACTS OF GENEROSITY OR KINDNESS” 

BUT “DEEDS / ACTS OF UNKINDNESS , HARSHNESS , INHUMANITY , UNFRIENDLY ,

UNCOMPASSIONATE , GREEDINESS , CRUELTY AND HEARTLESSNESS” .

Remember what happened & still happening  in England , Norway , Myanmar , America , Germany , India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , France , etc .

Bollywood funded by Underworld where muslims stand ahead & the leftist marxist historians who follow the Macaulian education system and the fake one-sided selective Nehruvian Secularism will never show Maharana Pratap ,Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , Shahid Bhagat Singh ,Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose , Maharani Laxmibai , etc   in the Glory they deserves. Nor the leftist marxist historians who follow the Macaulian education system and the fake one-sided selective Nehruvian Secularism will ever mention INDIA AND WORLD THAT HOW GREAT WAS/IS INDIA , INDIANS , INDIAN ART , INDIAN CIVILIZATION / CULTURE , LOSS / SUFFERINGS FACED BY INDIA/INDIANS BECAUSE OF FOREIGN INVADERS (muslims and christians) .

Note – events of destruction of native civilizations / cultures , done by 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions yet the 02 so-called peaceful Abrahamic religions play victim card even in United Nations / any international organization.

In short ,

islamic invasion=christian invasion

“HINDUISM” FOLLOW ONE CONCEPT “ONE IN MANY & MANY IN ONE”

Ancient cultures / civilizations (INDIAN , ROMAN , EGYPTIAN , NORSE , etc) always respected nature , natural phenomena/process/procedure/activities , animals , plants / trees , birds , spirits , etc as “Mothers , Fathers , Teachers , Gods , Goddesses , Devils”.

As this topic is concerning Indian culture/civilization , so lets have an idea about it. For instance Indian culture/civilization regards Tulsi , soil , water , etc as mother goddess.

For example ,

Gangaputra Devavrata(popularly known as Pitamaha Bhishma)
was brought up and trained by many eminent sages.

• Brihaspati and Shukracharya taught Devavrata the duties of kings (Dandaneeti), or political science and other Shastras.
• The sages Vashishtha and Chyavana taught the Vedas and Vedangas to Devavrata.
• Sanatkumara,the eldest son of the god Brahma taught Devavrata the mental and spiritual sciences.
• Markandeya,the immortal son of Mrikandu of Bhrigu’s race who acquired everlasting youth from the god Shiva taught Devavrata in the duties of the Yatis.
• Parashurama,the son of Jamadagni trained Bhishma in warfare.
• Indra,the king of the Devas. He bestowed celestial weapons on Bhishma.

In the same manner , Guru Dattatreya or Lord Dattatreya learned his knowledge and experiences from 24 teachers(24 Gurus) who were nature themselves or part of the nature. In The Uddhava Gita, Lord Krishna tells how Avadhuta Dattatreya discovered 24 gurus by observing this world.

The 24 teachers(24 Gurus) are mentioned below :

Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 11: Chapter 07: Slokas 33-35 “OR” Srimad Bhagavatam 11.7.33-35

पृथिवी वायुराकाशमापोऽग्निश्चन्द्रमा रवि: ।
कपोतोऽजगर: सिन्धु: पतङ्गो मधुकृद् गज: ॥ ३३ ॥
मधुहाहरिणो मीन: पिङ्गला कुररोऽर्भक: ।
कुमारी शरकृत् सर्प ऊर्णनाभि: सुपेशकृत् ॥ ३४ ॥
एते मे गुरवो राजन् चतुर्विंशतिराश्रिता: ।
शिक्षा वृत्तिभिरेतेषामन्वशिक्षमिहात्मन: ॥ ३५ ॥

pṛthivī vāyur ākāśam
āpo ’gniś candramā raviḥ
kapoto ’jagaraḥ sindhuḥ
pataṅgo madhukṛd gajaḥ
madhu-hā hariṇo mīnaḥ
piṅgalā kuraro ’rbhakaḥ
kumārī śara-kṛt sarpa
ūrṇanābhiḥ supeśakṛt
ete me guravo rājan
catur-viṁśatir āśritāḥ
śikṣā vṛttibhir eteṣām
anvaśikṣam ihātmanaḥ

Synonyms
pṛthivī — the earth; vāyuḥ — the air; ākāśam — the sky; āpaḥ — the water; agniḥ — the fire; candramāḥ — the moon; raviḥ — the sun; kapotaḥ — the pigeon; ajagaraḥ — the python; sindhuḥ — the sea; pataṅgaḥ — the moth; madhu-kṛt — the honeybee; gajaḥ — the elephant; madhu-hā — the honey thief; hariṇaḥ — the deer; mīnaḥ — the fish; piṅgalā — the prostitute named Piṅgalā; kuraraḥ — the kurara bird; arbhakaḥ — the child; kumārī — the young girl; śara-kṛt — the arrow maker; sarpaḥ — the serpent; ūrṇa-nābhiḥ — the spider; supeśa-kṛt — the wasp; ete — these; me — me; guravaḥ — spiritual masters; rājan — O King; catuḥ-viṁśatiḥ — twenty-four; āśritāḥ — taken shelter of; śikṣā — instruction; vṛttibhiḥ — from the activities; eteṣām — of them; anvaśikṣam — I have properly learned; iha — in this life; ātmanaḥ — about the self.

Translation
O King, I have taken shelter of twenty-four gurus, who are the following: earth, air, sky, water, fire, moon, sun, pigeon ,python; the sea, moth, honeybee, elephant and honey thief; the deer, the fish, the prostitute Piṅgalā, the kurara bird and the child; and the young girl, arrow maker, serpent, spider and wasp. My dear King, by studying their activities I have learned the science of the self.

नीति के महान जानकार आचार्य चाणक्य ने हमें पशु-पक्षियों से मिलने वाली ऐसी ही सीख के बारे में विस्तार से बताया है

बगुला-

इन्द्रियाणि च संयम्य रागद्वेषविवर्जितः ।
समदुःखसुखः शान्तः तत्त्वज्ञः साधुरुच्यते ॥ ०६-१७

नीति के महान विद्वान आचार्य चाणक्य कहते हैं कि मनुष्य को बगुले की भांति अपनी इंद्रियों पर संयम रखते हुए देश, काल और अपनी शक्ति यानी क्षमता के अनुसार कार्य करना चाहिए |

मुर्गा-

प्रत्युत्थानं च युद्धं च संविभागं च बन्धुषु ।
स्वयमाक्रम्य भुक्तं च शिक्षेच्चत्वारि कुक्कुटात् ॥ ०६-१८

आचार्य चाणक्य कहते हैं कि व्यक्ति को मुर्गे की भांति सूर्योदय से पहले में उठना चाहिए | रण में पीछे न हटते हुए डटकर मुकाबला करना चाहिए || स्वजनों में मिल-बांटकर खाना चाहिए और अपने बल पर स्वयं का भोजन प्राप्त करना चाहिए ||

कौआ-

गूढमैथुनचारित्वं काले काले च सङ्ग्रहम् ।
अप्रमत्तमविश्वासं पञ्च शिक्षेच्च वायसात् ॥०६-१९

आचार्य चाणक्य कौआ के गुण को बताते हुए कहते हैं कि इंसान को हमेशा सतर्क रहते हुए किसी पर विश्वास नहीं करना चाहिए | खुले स्थान की बजाय छिपकर मैथुन करना चाहिए , साथ ही समय-समय पर अपने लिए चीजें भी जुटाते रहना चाहिए ||

श्वान-

बह्वाशी स्वल्पसन्तुष्टः सनिद्रो लघुचेतनः ।
स्वामिभक्तश्च शूरश्च षडेते श्वानतो गुणाः ॥ ०६-२

आचार्य चाणक्य के अनुसार हमें हमेशा कुत्ते से स्वामी भक्ति का गुण सीखना चाहिए | साथ ही श्वान निद्रा की भांति कुछ इस तरह से सोना चाहिए कि आहट मिलते ही आप जाग जाएं ||

सिंह-

प्रभूतं कार्यमल्पं वा यन्नरः कर्तुमिच्छति ।
सर्वारम्भेण तत्कार्यं सिंहादेकं प्रचक्षते ॥ ०६-१६

आचार्य चाणक्य कहते हैं कि मनुष्य को सिंह यानी शेर से सीख लेते हुए किसी भी कार्य को पूरी शक्ति से करना चाहिए | मालूम हो कि शेर अपने शिकार पर पूरी ताकत से हमला करता है फिर चाहे वो छोटा सा खरगोश ही क्यों न हो ||

In the same manner , Gautama Buddha and Vardhamana Mahavira believed and taught non-violence concept because they agreed to the fact that all living beings have a portion of God/Goddess/Father/Mother/Teacher in one form or the other.

In short , ancient cultures / civilizations had found God/Father/Mother/Teacher in everything and every living being . We must always remember that God/Father/Mother/Teacher exist in one or the other form like skills , attitude , intelligence , power , courage , wisdom , etc . Human beings always learned from others (every non living things and every living beings) since the starting of human era . That is the reason why human beings are associated with nature and natural process/procedure.

Sikhs , Rajputs , Bengalis , North East Indians , Central Indians and other Indian origin / Indian civilization followers use surname as “Singh” means lion. Also throne of princes , princesses , kings , queens , emperors and empresses means “Singhasana/place where lion rests”. Moreover “Lion” is the vahana of Devi Maa (Goddess Mother).

So , “one in many and many in one” symbolizes “the union of all in one” and “presence of one in the union”.

रघुपति राघव राजा राम भजन –

The original lyrics of Raghupati Raghava Rajaram are attributed to Sri Lakshamanacharya ; later edited and popularized by  M.K.Gandhi .

This was widely attributed to his attempts to bring about reconciliation but it is anybody’s guess how many Muslims would have actually sung this or sing this even today . Compare this with the confusion that it brought about in the minds of Hindus.

FAQs-

• Who Is Lyrics writer Of  “Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram Original Song /Bhajan ?

Answer is :  “Sri Lakshmanacharya”

• What name is “Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram Bhajan ” known?

Answer is : Ram Dhun

• Due to whom “The Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram Bhajan” became popular and in which form being made popular?

Answer is : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi made it popular by editing it and popularized it in corrupted form to make happy a particular religious community

• Where is it sung daily/regularly/frequently and by whom ?

Answer is  :  Even before Partition of India 1947/Creation of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947/Creation of Republic of India 1947 & after  Partition of India 1947/Creation of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947/Creation of Republic of India 1947 , it was sung and is still being heard only in Hindu worshiping places and by the Hindus mainly.

Even Gandhi used to sang it only in Hindu worshiping places among Hindus and never sang it in any islamic worshiping places among muslims.

This proves the great conspiracy and great hypocrisy of the so called people who insult / neglect / reject / humiliate their own culture(Indian civilization) without knowing and understanding the fact or even caring for the future of Indian civilization.

अहिंसा परमो धर्म: ।।  धर्म हिंसा तथैव च । ।

 गांधी ने ये कह कर रोक दिया कि 

• “अहिंसा परमो धर्म:” meaning अहिंसा मनुष्य का परम धर्म है हमे  हिंसा नही करना चाहिए ,
• तथा ये भी  समझाया कि  “अतिथि देवो भव” meaning अतिथि  देव के समान होता है।

परंतु एक बात समझ में नही आती कि  गांधी ने यह श्लोक अधूरा ही क्यों कहा उन्होंने आगे यह क्यूँ नही कहा कि “धर्म हिंसा तथैव च” अर्थात धर्म की रक्षा के लिए हिंसा करना भी धर्म है । ।

परंतु गांधी जी ने ये अधूरा श्लोक किस भाव से कहा। क्या वो अंग्रेजो की मदद करके इस देश को गुलाम बनाने चाहते थे या  फिर लोगो को बचाना चाहते थे मरने से । ।

यदि गुलाम बनाना चाहते थे तो महात्मा का अर्थ जाने बिना किसी को  महात्मा कह देना सर्वथा अनुचित है । ।

यदि बचना चाहते थे तो उन्हें पूरा श्लोक कह कर लोगो को अधर्म के  खिलाफ  खड़े होकर लड़ने  की सलाह देनी चाहिए थी 

क्योंकि अंग्रेज भी लोगो पर अन्याय और अत्याचार कर रहे थे  । ।

महाभारत में योगेश्वर श्री कृष्ण के द्वारा बोला गया यह श्लोक “अहिंसा परमो  धर्मः धर्म हिंसा तथैव च” है ||

Meaning of full sloke as said by Shree Krishna – अहिंसा सबसे महान धर्म है । धर्म अर्थात मानवता प्रकृति की रक्षा के लिए की जाने वाली हिंसा, हिंसा की श्रेणी में नहीं आती । । तथा उस हिंसा को हिंसा नहीं बल्कि अपराधी को दंड देना कहते हैं । ।

Dharma (Sanskrit: धर्म) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions (Indian Civilization) , such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others.

It includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, justice, virtues ,”right way of living” and signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible . Basically it is a doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings towards the path the path of righteousness and proper religious practice and one’s own moral duties toward God.

Note : “Dharma” doesn’t mean religion nor religion is the exact word for “Dharma” because Dharma is much more than religion which includes individual and the universe as a whole.

Always  remember that Gandhi was just part of the Indian revolution.

Partition of India 1947 and Creation of Islamic Republic of  Pakistan 1947 (intentionally and wrongly interpreted it as Independence of India 1947 and Creation of Republic of India 1947). Partition of India 1947 and Creation of Republic of India 1947 is the result of sacrifices of great people namely Netaji Subash Chandra Bose , Chandra Shekhar Azad , Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh , Indian revolutionary Udham Singh ,  Master Da Surya Sen , Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak &&& MANY MANY MORE INDIAN COUTLESS NATIONALISTS / FIGHTERS / REVOLUTIONARIES / ACTIVISTS.

“SO BOTH VIOLENCE AND NON-VIOLENCE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INDIA’S REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT.” . The most important fact every Indian must know that Netaji Bose and Indian National Army gave the last deadly blow to the entire british empire via direct/indirect revolt via Navy and general public.

(a) Goa Inquisition Between 1566 and 1567 ;

(b) The Bengal Famine of 1770/Great Bengal famine of 1770 ;

(c) Bengal famine of 1943 ;

(d) Moplah massacre/Moplah riots/Mappila riots 1921 [Note-Earliest Muslims came in India at Kerala/Malabar for trade. These Muslims were Arabs and their language was Arabic, settled down in Kerala and called as “Moplas or Mappilas”. The first Mosque built by them was in 630 AD in Kodungallur (Oldest Mosque in India) ,these Muslims were purchasing spies ( Black Pepper ) in Kerala and were not rulers but traders .Later they became agriculturist (peasants) in Kerala. Mappilas revolt occurred in 1921.Non muslims were killed brutally and Non muslim women also raped brutally along with forced marriages and forced conversions] ;

(e) Direct Action Day/Calcutta Killings 1946 ;
(f) Partition of India 15 August 1947;
(g) Noakhali riots/Massacre 1946 ;
(h) Exodus/Genocide  of Kashmiri Non muslims (majority Kashmiri Hindus , rest were Jains , Sikhs and Buddhists) 1990 ;

(i) End of Greco-Roman civilization (Roman religion/Roman empire) 313 AD , 380 AD and 391 AD ;

(j) End of Persian civilization (decline of Zoroastrian religion) 633 AD – 656 AD ;
and many others events….

The major culprits are specially from two communities.

These incidents involved cases like rape cases , killing cases , kidnapping cases , snatching away all wealth/movable and immovable properties/assets/businesses of sufferers/victims , heavy taxes forcibly implemented , forced conversion to invasive religions , forced marriages cases , etc which impacted tragically the sufferers who are basically having emotions / feelings like hatred , enmity , anger and revenge inbuilt for generations directly or indirectly in someway or the other.

“BUT IRONY IS THAT PEOPLE ARE INSULTING THEIR OWN ROOTS AND ACCEPTING INVASIVE CULTURES/RELIGIONS DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY . RELIGIONS/CULTURES OF MORE THAN 150 COUNTRIES WERE / ARE DESTROYED BY THE TWO COMMUNITIES ONLY (VIA VIOLENCE AND CHEATING)”

MAIN CULPRITS WHO DEFAMED “SWASTIKA” OF INDIAN CIVILAZATION BY INTENTIONALLY MISPLACING
HITLER’S HAKENKREUZ (MEAING “HOOKED / CROOKED CROSS”) : [SWASTIKA HAS BEEN FOUND ALL OVER THE WORLD AND KNOWN BY DIFFERENT NAMES IN DIFFERENT CULTURES AND HAS BEEN IN EXISTENCE SINCE 11,000 YEARS]

The Hindu Swastika is crucified by Christianized Westerners who falsely equate it with the Hakenkreuz.

The fact is Hitler never used the word “Swastika” to refer to his symbol as evident from Hitler’s Mein Kampf [originally written by Hitler himself] . The German leader Hitler was familiar with the Hakenkreuz (meaning hooked cross) early in his life at a Christian monastery. He had seen it each day as a boy when he attended the Benedictine monastery school in Lambach, Austria.

(1) James Vincent Murphy (7 July 1880 – 5 July 1946) was an Irish christian Catholic priest , Irish translator, writer and journalist who published one of the second complete English translations of Hitler’s Mein Kampf in 1939. James Vincent Murphy intentionally defamed “Swastika” by replacing Hitler’s Hakenkreuz (meaning hooked cross) for hiding Christian-Nazi Connections.

(2) The movies , magazines and media who published “Swastika” intentionally in place of Hitler’s Hakenkreuz (meaning hooked cross) for hiding Christian-Nazi or Christian-Hitler Connections.

(1) “NEW YEAR DATE VARIATIONS”

English/Christian New Year is celebrated on January 01

Why “English/Christian New Year” reason shared below —

Many cultures/civilizations that don’t celebrate New Year’s Day on Jan 1 :

*(1) Jews – Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebrated on September or October.

*(2) Assyrias/Assyrians – Kha b’ Nissan is the cultural Assyrian New Year day celebrated on April month at the beginning of spring.

*(3) Ethopia – Enkutatash is the Ethiopian New Year day celebrated on nearly September 11th based on the Gregorian calendar.The Ethiophian calendar follows the Coptic one.

*(4) Cambodia – Choul Chnam Thmey is the three days traditional Lunar New Year,which usually falls on nearly April 13th or 14th.

*(5) Sri Lanka – The Sri Lankans New Year(Sinhalese New Year) Aluth Avurudda is celebrated on nearly April 13 or 14 based on solar movement .

*(6) Iran – The Iranian New Year, called Nowruz (Iranian New Year), which usually occurs on March , marking the start of the spring season,widely celebrated among Iranians and other ethnic groups

*(7) Zaroastrians – The Zaroastrian New Year which is the same as the Iranian New Year, Nowruz, and is celebrated by the Parsis in India and by Zoroastrians and Persians across the world.

*(8) Central Asian countries, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Uighurs there is known as Nauryz. It is usually celebrated on nearly March 22.

*(9) Nepal – Bikram sambat (BS) / Nepal Sambat calendars are used in Nepal. So new year falls around the second week of April or on November.

*(9a) Tibetian – According to Tibetian Calendar. Ghyalpo losar is used to named, the new year of this calendar. The new year of Tibetian calendar falls in February.

*(10) Thailand – Songkran is Thailand’s New Year day that is celebrated for two days starting April 13th , based on the Buddhist or Hindu solar calendar.

*(11) Mongolia – Tsagaan Sar is the Mongolian Lunar New Year day based on the Mongolian lunar calendar.

*(12) Vietnam – The Vietnamese New Year is the Tết Nguyên Đán which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year based on lunar calendar which falls on January or February.

*(13) Korea – The Korean New Year is a Seollal or Lunar New Year’s Day based on the Korean lunar calander celebrated on January or February.

*(14) China – The Chinese New Year, also known as the Lunar New Year, occurs every year on the new moon of the first lunar month(usually first week of February), about the beginning of spring (Lichun) falls any time between January and February.

*(15) Bangladesh – New year eve in Bangladesh falls on nearly April 14 at the first day of the month

*(16) Myanmar – The new year is celebrated during 13 to 15 April. The people of Myanmar celebrate fiercely on Tijan.

*(17) Japan – New Year on nearly 5 January

*(18) India – Falls nearly March/April every year.Every State of India celebrates New Year as per local calendar on 14th or 15th April. Ugaadhi (Telegu and Kannada New Year) falls on April 8 nearly ; Puthandu (Tamil New Year) nearly April 14 ; Diwali (Marwari and Gujarati New Year Day) nearly October 30 ; Vaisakhi is celebrated as the New Year day by the sikhs on April 13th to mark the start of spring ; people of Tamil Nadu celebrate Pongal here ; Most Hindus celebrate New Year’s Day during the first day of the first Hindu month, Chaitra.

*(19) Balinese and Javanese people – Nyepi (day of rest/Balinese New Year) that usually falls in mid-March because they follow the Saka calendar (which is lunar based).

*(20) UAE, Saudi Arabia, & other GCC countries – Raʼs as-Sanah al-Hijrīyah (Islamic New Year) nearly October 3.Raʼs as-Sanah al-Hijrīyah is the Islamic new year that marks the first day of the Muslim calendar. It celebrates Hijra or emigration of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina.

*(21) Australia – Aboriginal Murador New Year(Western Australian Aboriginal tribe) nearly October 30

*(22) Orthodox New Year falls on 14th of January (as you may know) followed by orthodox Russians, Serbians, Macedonians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Bulgarians celebrate it.

*(23) Early Roman civilisation (pre-christian era & pre- Julius Caesar era) which usually occurred on March/April , marking the start of the new season,widely celebrated among Romans

*(24) March 1 was the first day of the numbered year in the Republic of Venice until its destruction in 1797

*(25) Russia – From 988 until 1492 (Anno Mundi 7000 in the Byzantine calendar) ; September 1 was used in Russia from 1492 (A.M. 7000) until the adoption of the Anno Domini notation in 1700 via a December 1699 decree of Tsar Peter I

Welcome to https://www.shaanatya.co.in/ . This site is your information which is either kept hidden or never taught to anyone/very very few people. The only motive of this site is to share the information and to bring to light out of the darkness the details kept away or hidden.